This 2023 study compared adult TCKs (ATCKs) with non-TCK adults on measures of wellbeing, attachment, resilience, self-concept, and ethnic identity strength. Key findings: ATCKs had weaker ethnic identity, greater resilience, and were less comfortable forming close relationships than non-TCK adults. Among ATCKs, having siblings was associated with reduced attachment anxiety and greater resilience, and practising a religion was related to increased ethnic identity. Findings indicate a need to raise awareness among parents, teachers, and counsellors about the difficulties TCKs might face.